Toyota has established a strong leadership position in the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) market, benefiting from economies of scale through model diversification, cost-sharing for research and development, and sharing technology with competitors like Nissan and GM. The company has introduced various models, with the Prius family leading global hybrid sales since 2014. Toyota's main competitor is Honda, and the company benefits from government incentives for low-emission vehicles in Japan and the USA. Toyota's Aqua is the second-best-selling hybrid car in Japan, highlighting the company's dominance in the global hybrid car market (Shimbun, 2005; Bekker, 2013).

LED lights are energy-efficient, long-lasting, and environmentally friendly, offering superior performance compared to traditional lighting. They are made from non-toxic materials and are recyclable, supporting a circular economy by allowing for refurbishment, repair, and recycling. Although initially more expensive, LEDs consume less energy and have a significantly lower environmental impact than incandescent or CFL lights. However, they contain hazardous substances like lead and arsenic, which pose environmental risks if not disposed of properly. Recycling aluminum components can further reduce their environmental footprint, making LEDs a more sustainable choice for lighting in the long term.